Previous studies of worldwide earthquakes indicated that landslides occurred no farther than 36 miles from the epicenter of a magnitude 5. Earthquake ground motion and patterns of seismical. Presentation and analysis of a worldwide database of earthquake. Fourteen types of landslides were identified in the earthquakes studied. Damage caused by earthquake landslides authorstream. Landslides have been a product of 40 of 56 documented earthquakes in present times around the world keefer, 1984. Read estimating losses from future earthquakes at nap. Similarly, amongst the earthquakes in the database of rodrguez et al. The greatest losses of human life were due to rock avalanches, rapid soil flows, and rock falls. Earthquake is one of the major causes of landslides. In recent years, researchers have analyzed the topography and geology, as well as the conditions related to seismic motion, in several areas where earthquakeinduced landslides have occured e. Earthquakeinduced landslides geotechnical photo album.
Most of the landslides were rock falls or shallow, highly disrupted rock slides from roadcuts, quarries, and steep bluff. Analysis of a spatial distribution of landslides triggered by the 2004 chuetsu earthquakes of niigata prefecture, japan. Furthermore, ashen debris flows caused by earthquakes can also trigger mass movement of soil. On may 22, 1960, one of the worlds strongest historic earthquakes m w 9. In his report of a field investigation of the new madrid earthquakes con ducted in 1904, fuller 1912, p.
Jul 24, 2018 a model developed by researchers at indiana university can help experts address such risks by estimating the likelihood of landslides that will be caused by earthquakes anywhere in the world. Living with earthquakes in the pacific northwest yeats. Postearthquake field investigations of landslide occurrence have provided a basis for understanding, evaluating, and mapping the hazard and risk associated withearthquakeinduced landslides. Landslides and landslide dams caused by the kaikoura earthquake. Landslides are a type of natural disaster that can be triggered by earthquakes, and these slides occur along destabilized slope areas. Such landslides are driven by inertial forces acting on slopes and can vary in size from individual rock blocks of a few m 3 in volume to catastrophic rock avalanches of many mm 3, which can claim many thousands of lives. Pdf characteristics of seismically induced landslides in. The more energy an earthquake has released, the higher its magnitude. Iu researchers develop model for predicting landslides caused.
The difference between these two concepts is subtle but important. Area affected by landslides vs earthquake magnitude. He has received several awards and recognitions and has written numerous scientific articles. Nov 30, 2016 earthquake induced landslides in the himalayan mountains new evidence for earthquake potential in bhutan in terms of large earthquakes bhutan has always been something of a conundrum. Apr 16, 2016 check out our channel for hundreds more japan videos. Impact of landslides and innovative landslidemitigation. To quantify this association, we combine our landslide distribution with an empirical relationship proposed by keefer 4 relating the total volume of landslides generated by an earthquake and the. He also showed that the minimum earthquake magnitude to cause landslides is m l 4. Landslides triggered by earthquakes in the central.
Each type of earthquakeinduced landslide occurs in a particular suite of. The main goal of the classification of earthquaketriggered landslide events is to help improve. Coseismic landslides are important effects of strong earthquakes and one of the most poorly understood. The causes of landslides are usually related to instabilities in slopes. Landslides caused by earthquakes gsa bulletin geoscienceworld. Earthquake induced landslides in the himalayan mountains.
The capability of an earthquake to trigger a landslide is a function of. Slope material that becomes saturated with water may develop a debris flow or mud flow. Evaluation of factors controlling earthquakeinduced. Earthquakes are a major cause of landslides, which, in turn, are a major cause of the damage and casualties associated with earthquakes. In our flybys, the landslides begin just south from cape campbell, becoming more intense south of the clarence river, with several large 100,000 500,000 m3 landslides disrupting both state highway 1 and south island main trunk railway e. Postearthquake field investigations of landslide occurrence have provided a basis for. The two blocks on a fault do not wait for an earthquake to be moved, it moves constantly without fault movement. The 1984 otaki earthquake hit nagano prefecture, japan on september 14, 1984, at 08. Earthquakes, landslides and tsunamis li juan and chen yong encyclopedia of life support systems eolss magnitude m5. Seismic loading is one of the main triggers of large landslides keefer, 1984. Area affected by landslides vs earthquake magnitude 2008 wenchuan earthquake, china 1999 chichi earthquake, taiwan after keefer 1984 and others, updated with recent events 2005 kashmir earthquake, pakistan and india. A 2020 view of geologic excursions in southern california. Shaking from chiles earthquake was felt even in peru and bolivia. Overview of catastrophic landslides of south america in the.
Materials most susceptible to earthquakeinduced landslides include weakly cemented rocks, moreindurated rocks. Bulletin of the geological society of america 95, 406421 varnes d. Stress will build up until rocks cannot handle it and the blocks will spring back into place producing an earthquake. As keefer points out, many landslides occur without seismic triggering, and therefore on a slope that is imminently unstable, a landslide could be caused by very weak shaking. A more comprehensive definition which helps to distinguish landslides from the other geomorphological processes is the downward or outward movement of a mass of slopeforming material under the influence of gravity, occurring on. For sale by the books and openfile reports section, u. For example, overall only large earthquakes typically m w. May 17, 2017 landslides are a type of natural disaster that can be triggered by earthquakes, and these slides occur along destabilized slope areas.
Earthquake ground motion and patterns of seismically induced. Landslides and flooding debris flow can cause flooding by blocking valleys and stream channels, forcing large amounts of water to backup causing backup flash flood. Geological society of america bulletin, 95, 406 421. Earthquake induced landslides have been documented from as early as 372 bc keefer, 1984 and have caused tens of thousands of deaths and billions in economic losses keefer, 1984. Bulletin of the geological society of america 1984. Licensed to youtube by merlin sc distribution on behalf of jagjaguwar. The magnitude is used in seismology to represent the seismic moment that measures the energy released by an earthquake. The most abundant of these were rock falls, disrupted soil slides, and rock slides. Buy landslides caused by earthquakes by david k keefer isbn.
This paper traces thehistorical development of knowledge derived from these investigations. Predicting earthquakeinduced landslides, with emphasis on arid and semiarid environments. Several studies have identified characteristics of coseismic landslides, particularly those caused by largescale earthquakes keefer 1984. Geological survey, denver, colorado on march 5, 1987, two earthquakes m s 6. The smallest earthquake to have induced landslides that the authors have encountered is the ledu qinghai, china earthquake of 7 march 1984, with m 2.
But scientists are wondering whether the findings could also shed light on the triggering of fast. It is usually possible to identify one or more landslide causes and one landslide trigger. Models of the triggering of landslides during earthquakes chapter. The resulting slurry of rock and mud may pick up trees, houses, and cars, thus blocking. The additional use of geographic information system gis processing and digital mapping since about 1989 has greatly facilitated the level of analysis that can applied to mapped distributions of landslides. Sensitive instruments installed on and near the slowmoving landslide in maca, peru, have allowed scientists to observe the response of the landslide to earthquakes. A total of 36 earthquakes worldwide are included, the new database having about the same number. Models of the triggering of landslides during earthquakes.
Pdf landslides caused by earthquakes semantic scholar. Why do earthquakes trigger catastrophic landslides. Keefer 1984 summarized past records to classify them and also to show the maximum distance to landslides for varying seismic magnitudes. Earthquakeinduced landslides earthquake shaking can cause landsliding on many scales, as some of these examples show. This sample of 40 events was supplemented with intensity data from several hundred united states earthquakes to study relations between landslide distribution and seismic.
Keefer 1984, 2002 described typical characteristics of various types of earthquaketriggered landslides and their source areas. Massive utah landslide triggered earthquakes live science. The klamath falls earthquakes caused landslides throughout an area of about 420 sq km and as far as about 29 km from the epicenter, a distribution that is typical for magnitude 6 earthquakes see graphs on following pages. The ongoing collision between the indian and eurasian plates that has generated the himalayas occurs along a huge set of faults that run through the frontal. Landslides triggered by earthquakes in the central mississippi. Beginning in 1984, syntheses of worldwide and national data on earthquakeinduced landslides have defined their general characteristics and relations between their occurrence and various geologic and seismic parameters. Keefer 1984 was the first to establish general seismic trigger thresholds. The landslide causes are the reasons that a landslide occurred in that location and at that time. Earthquake ground motion and patterns of seismically. Oct 18, 2014 b indirect effects influence of landslides in dam safety failure of the slopes bordering the reservoir, flooding caused by movements of large masses of soil into the reservoir. More than half of landslides were in some way associated with road construction and human activity table 2. Environmental news network landslides and earthquakes. R geological survey, 345 middlefield road, ms 998, menlo park, california 94025 abstract data fro 4m0 historica worldwidl earthe quakes were studied t o determine th e characteristics, geologi environmentsc an hazardd, of s landslides caused by seismic events.
A model developed by researchers at indiana university can help experts estimate the likelihood of landslides that will be caused by earthquakes anywhere in the world. What makes this new study so unique is that it provides direct observational evidence from the largest earthquake to occur in more than 100 years in the eastern u. Data from 40 historical worldwide earthquakes were studied to determine the characteristics, geologic environments, and hazards of landslides caused by seismic events. Earthquake ground motion and patterns of seismically induced landsliding. Keefer 1984 studied landslides triggered by 40 strong historical. Study of a sample of 40 historical earthquakes shows that 14 types of landslides are caused by seismic events. In a study of 40 major historic earthquakes, keefer 1984 has shown that landslides can be triggered over an area as large as 500,000 km 2 by a m9. The working party on world landslide inventory 1990 defines a landslide simply as the movement of a mass of rock, earth, or debris down a slope q. Landlsides triggered by earthquakes in california earthquakes are one of the main triggers that cause landslides.
Bulletin of the seismological society of america, 95, pp. Researchers develop model for predicting landslides caused by. When earthquakes occur on areas with steep slopes, many times the soil slips causing landslides. Investigating landslides caused by earthquakes a historical.
Natural hazards, early warning of coastal earthquakes, soil moisture, landslides, snow avalanches, floods, dust storms, remote sensing applications, geophysical explorations, atmospheric pollution and mining environment. A new classification of earthquakeinduced landslide event sizes. A database of earthquakeinduced landslides has been compiled which extends the work of keefer keefer dk. Earthquakes hav lone g been recognize as a d major caus oe f landslides earthquake induce. When sloped areas become completely saturated by heavy rainfall many times landslides can occur. An earthquake can cause a slope to become unstable by the inertial loading it imposes or by causing a loss of strength in the slope materials. Beginning in 1984, synthesis of worldwide and national data on earthquakeinduced landslides have defined their general characteristics. Landslides triggered by earthquakes and their relations with faults. Supplementary data 8411 from the gsa documents secretary. Landslides, earthquakes, and erosion sciencedirect.
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